{
 "note": "Energy per tonne (electricity and total primary) and CO2 per tonne for the energy-intensive refining stages, beside each stage-matched concentration. Cheap energy concentrates refining, but its FORM sets the mechanism: some stages site on cheap POWER (aluminium, polysilicon, silicon), others on cheap FUEL + a co-located reductant/ore (magnesium, ferrochrome, steel, ammonia), and copper shows even a low-energy stage can concentrate on logistics and policy. Figures are order-of-magnitude literature values; concentration is stage-matched and sourced per row (never the mine share for a refining stage).",
 "materials": [
  {
   "m": "Polysilicon (solar)",
   "process": "Siemens CVD",
   "group": "power",
   "mwh_elec": 50,
   "mwh_primary": 50,
   "co2": 36,
   "share": 93,
   "stage": "refined polysilicon",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "electricity",
   "conf": "estimate",
   "src": "Fraunhofer ISE; BNEF polysilicon capacity",
   "note": "~40-70 kWh/kg of ELECTRICITY; quartz is cheap and ubiquitous, so power dominates the cost and it sites on cheap Chinese coal/hydro. The solar chokepoint is a power chokepoint. ~93% China."
  },
  {
   "m": "Aluminium",
   "process": "Hall–Héroult electrolysis",
   "group": "power",
   "mwh_elec": 14,
   "mwh_primary": 14,
   "co2": 16,
   "share": 59,
   "stage": "primary metal (smelting)",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "electricity",
   "conf": "measured",
   "src": "IAI; USGS aluminium",
   "note": "~14 MWh/t of ELECTRICITY; alumina is shipped in, so power is the siting force — China on coal (~16 t CO2/t), or hydro (~2 t) in Canada/Iceland/Gulf. ~59% China smelting."
  },
  {
   "m": "Silicon metal",
   "process": "Carbothermic arc furnace",
   "group": "power",
   "mwh_elec": 11,
   "mwh_primary": 11,
   "co2": 5,
   "share": 70,
   "stage": "silicon metal (process)",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "electricity",
   "conf": "estimate",
   "src": "USGS silicon (not in atlas production.json — explicit estimate); China ~68-77%",
   "note": "~11 MWh/t of ELECTRICITY; feedstock for both chips and polysilicon, itself power-sited. ~70% China (explicit estimate; silicon metal is not in the atlas production dataset)."
  },
  {
   "m": "Magnesium",
   "process": "Pidgeon silicothermic reduction",
   "group": "fuel",
   "mwh_elec": 2.5,
   "mwh_primary": 78,
   "co2": 25,
   "share": 66,
   "stage": "metal (WMD)",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "fuel + reductant (coal, ferrosilicon)",
   "conf": "measured",
   "src": "production.json (WMD metal); IMA/Pidgeon LCA",
   "note": "Not a power story. ~78 MWh/t is PRIMARY energy incl. embodied ferrosilicon; the retorts are coal-fired BATCH units (~1-3 MWh/t electricity) sited on dolomite + FeSi + cheap coal, not on cheap electricity. ~66% China on a metal basis (WMD); USGS puts it higher (~88%)."
  },
  {
   "m": "Ammonia",
   "process": "Haber–Bosch",
   "group": "fuel",
   "mwh_elec": 0.6,
   "mwh_primary": 9.5,
   "co2": 2.4,
   "share": 30,
   "stage": "ammonia (process)",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "feedstock (natural gas / coal)",
   "conf": "estimate",
   "src": "IFA; USGS nitrogen",
   "note": "Energy IS the feedstock (gas or, in China, coal), not electricity. Moderately concentrated: China ~30% on coal gasification, the rest spread across gas-rich regions — energy-cost-sited but multi-country, not a single chokepoint."
  },
  {
   "m": "Steel (crude)",
   "process": "Blast furnace",
   "group": "fuel",
   "mwh_elec": 0.6,
   "mwh_primary": 5.5,
   "co2": 1.9,
   "share": 52,
   "stage": "crude steel",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "reductant + fuel (coking coal)",
   "conf": "measured",
   "src": "worldsteel",
   "note": "~5.5 MWh-equiv/t, almost all coking coal (reductant), not electricity. Sites on coal + iron ore + demand, not power. Included as scale reference: ~52% China, ~1.9 t CO2/t."
  },
  {
   "m": "Ferrochrome",
   "process": "Submerged-arc furnace",
   "group": "fuel",
   "mwh_elec": 3.6,
   "mwh_primary": 3.6,
   "co2": 4,
   "share": 40,
   "stage": "ferrochrome (process)",
   "holder": "China · S. Africa · Kazakhstan",
   "energy_type": "electricity + co-located ore",
   "conf": "estimate",
   "src": "ICDA; USGS chromium",
   "note": "Mixed: electricity-hungry, but South Africa smelts on chromite + Eskom coal (ore AND power), while China imports ore and runs on cheap power. Cheap energy matters, but so does the ore. ~40% top."
  },
  {
   "m": "Copper (smelting)",
   "process": "Flash smelting",
   "group": "control",
   "mwh_elec": 2.5,
   "mwh_primary": 2.5,
   "co2": 2,
   "share": 42,
   "stage": "refined/smelter (NOT mine)",
   "holder": "China",
   "energy_type": "electricity (low)",
   "conf": "estimate",
   "src": "ICSG (China ~40-45% of refined copper) — mine share (Chile ~24%) is a DIFFERENT stage",
   "note": "THE CONTROL, corrected. Smelting is low-energy (~2.5 MWh/t), yet it is NOT diffuse: China holds ~40-45% of refined copper. A low-energy stage that concentrated anyway — on concentrate logistics, sulphuric-acid handling and policy, not on power. Energy is not the whole story."
  }
 ]
}