How to read this. Each row is where Canada imports a material from — the
immediate customs origin, sorted by single-supplier concentration. ⛏ marks a top source that is also
the material's lead miner (a genuine origin); without it, the supplier is a refiner or hub and the real
mine sits further upstream (open the material's profile to see where).
Import-vulnerability index (19/100). A value-weighted average, across Canada’s
imports, of each material’s supply-risk index × how concentrated Canada’s
own sourcing of it is. High when it buys intrinsically risky materials from a single supplier; lower when
it diversifies. The risk column below is the material’s own score — multiply it by the country’s
share to see where Canada is most exposed.
China’s share of Canada’s critical-material imports, 2002–2024: 4% ↑ 8%
| Material | Top source | share | import HHI | risk | China | # sources | imports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beryllium, unwrought | 🇺🇸 United States ⛏ | 100% | 1.00 | 74 | 0% | 1 | $6k |
| Magnesium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 100% | 1.00 | 60 | 100% | 5 | $51M |
| Helium | 🇺🇸 United States ⛏ | 97% | 0.94 | 22 | 0% | 6 | $41M |
| Phosphorus | 🇺🇸 United States | 96% | 0.93 | 57 | 2% | 6 | $6M |
| Natural graphite | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 96% | 0.92 | 51 | 96% | 10 | $2M |
| Ferro-niobium | 🇧🇷 Brazil ⛏ | 91% | 0.84 | 64 | 0% | 5 | $24M |
| Feldspar | 🇺🇸 United States | 88% | 0.77 | 25 | 0% | 6 | $240k |
| Manganese ore | 🇺🇸 United States | 87% | 0.76 | 46 | 3% | 8 | $604k |
| Tantalum, unwrought | 🇩🇪 Germany | 86% | 0.75 | 33 | 1% | 5 | $299k |
| Arsenic | 🇺🇸 United States | 84% | 0.71 | 31 | 12% | 4 | $201k |
| Coking coal | 🇺🇸 United States | 76% | 0.62 | 24 | 0% | 6 | $636M |
| Gallium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 69% | 0.52 | 57 | 69% | 9 | $32M |
| Germanium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 69% | 0.52 | 44 | 69% | 9 | $32M |
| Hafnium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 69% | 0.52 | 32 | 69% | 9 | $32M |
| Lithium carbonate | 🇨🇱 Chile | 67% | 0.48 | 64 | 16% | 8 | $8M |
| Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 | 🇲🇽 Mexico | 61% | 0.51 | 51 | 0% | 5 | $3M |
| Refined copper cathodes | 🇨🇩 Congo [DRC] | 60% | 0.42 | 23 | 0% | 7 | $267M |
| Strontium carbonate | 🇩🇪 Germany | 55% | 0.47 | 57 | 3% | 5 | $568k |
| Aluminium ores / bauxite | 🇧🇷 Brazil | 55% | 0.42 | 45 | 1% | 7 | $131M |
| Rare-earth permanent magnets | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 55% | 0.47 | 52 | 55% | 20 | $37M |
| Natural borates | 🇺🇸 United States | 55% | 0.38 | 42 | 0% | 7 | $3M |
| Tungsten, unwrought | 🇺🇸 United States | 51% | 0.46 | 46 | 44% | 8 | $3M |
| Palladium, unwrought | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 50% | 0.42 | 25 | 0% | 7 | $568M |
| Cobalt oxides & hydroxides | 🇧🇪 Belgium | 45% | 0.31 | 43 | 6% | 7 | $633k |
| Titanium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 44% | 0.32 | 43 | 44% | 10 | $7M |
| Ferro-vanadium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 42% | 0.27 | 45 | 42% | 7 | $14M |
| Silicon, < 99.99% | 🇧🇷 Brazil | 40% | 0.28 | 47 | 0% | 10 | $42M |
| Baryte | 🇺🇸 United States | 40% | 0.31 | 15 | 3% | 9 | $14M |
| Nickel, unwrought | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 37% | 0.23 | 32 | 0% | 6 | $21M |
| Platinum, unwrought | 🇺🇸 United States | 33% | 0.19 | 39 | 0% | 8 | $62M |
| Phosphate rock | 🇺🇸 United States | 33% | 0.25 | 31 | 0% | 5 | $22k |
| Antimony, unwrought | 🇺🇸 United States | 26% | 0.16 | 35 | 15% | 11 | $9M |
Computed from out/flows_2024.json + out/data.json by build_profiles.py. Customs records the immediate shipper, not the mine — see methodology.