How to read this. Each row is where China imports a material from — the
immediate customs origin, sorted by single-supplier concentration. ⛏ marks a top source that is also
the material's lead miner (a genuine origin); without it, the supplier is a refiner or hub and the real
mine sits further upstream (open the material's profile to see where).
Import-vulnerability index (14/100). A value-weighted average, across China’s
imports, of each material’s supply-risk index × how concentrated China’s
own sourcing of it is. High when it buys intrinsically risky materials from a single supplier; lower when
it diversifies. The risk column below is the material’s own score — multiply it by the country’s
share to see where China is most exposed.
China’s share of China’s critical-material imports, 2002–2024: 0% → 0%
| Material | Top source | share | import HHI | risk | China | # sources | imports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium, unwrought | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 97% | 0.95 | 60 | 0% | 4 | $77k |
| Beryllium, unwrought | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | 97% | 0.94 | 74 | 0% | 5 | $23M |
| Natural graphite | 🇹🇿 Tanzania | 96% | 0.93 | 51 | 0% | 22 | $12M |
| Ferro-niobium | 🇧🇷 Brazil ⛏ | 96% | 0.92 | 64 | 0% | 8 | $1.1B |
| Natural borates | 🇹🇷 Turkey ⛏ | 93% | 0.86 | 42 | 0% | 7 | $112M |
| Arsenic | 🇯🇵 Japan | 84% | 0.73 | 31 | 0% | 3 | $853k |
| Cobalt oxides & hydroxides | 🇳🇦 Namibia | 83% | 0.70 | 43 | 0% | 16 | $88M |
| Lithium carbonate | 🇨🇱 Chile | 80% | 0.67 | 64 | 0% | 22 | $2.5B |
| Aluminium ores / bauxite | 🇬🇳 Guinea | 77% | 0.62 | 45 | 0% | 30 | $9.9B |
| Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 | 🇲🇳 Mongolia | 73% | 0.55 | 51 | 0% | 11 | $10M |
| Titanium, unwrought | 🇯🇵 Japan | 71% | 0.53 | 43 | 0% | 9 | $14M |
| Baryte | 🇱🇦 Laos | 65% | 0.45 | 15 | 0% | 19 | $4M |
| Feldspar | 🇮🇳 India | 64% | 0.46 | 25 | 0% | 25 | $21M |
| Platinum, unwrought | 🇿🇦 South Africa ⛏ | 63% | 0.44 | 39 | 0% | 12 | $3.3B |
| Phosphorus | 🇯🇵 Japan | 62% | 0.52 | 57 | 0% | 7 | $8M |
| Palladium, unwrought | 🇷🇺 Russia ⛏ | 61% | 0.43 | 25 | 0% | 11 | $1.0B |
| Helium | 🇶🇦 Qatar | 59% | 0.42 | 22 | 0% | 7 | $460M |
| Antimony, unwrought | 🇹🇭 Thailand | 58% | 0.45 | 35 | 0% | 7 | $8M |
| Nickel, unwrought | 🇷🇺 Russia | 47% | 0.29 | 32 | 0% | 11 | $1.7B |
| Phosphate rock | 🇯🇴 Jordan | 47% | 0.32 | 31 | 0% | 15 | $163M |
| Manganese ore | 🇿🇦 South Africa ⛏ | 47% | 0.30 | 46 | 0% | 34 | $3.9B |
| Strontium carbonate | 🇩🇪 Germany | 47% | 0.44 | 57 | 0% | 9 | $22M |
| Gallium | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 46% | 0.34 | 57 | 0% | 15 | $129M |
| Germanium | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 46% | 0.34 | 44 | 0% | 15 | $129M |
| Hafnium, unwrought | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 46% | 0.34 | 32 | 0% | 15 | $129M |
| Ferro-vanadium | 🇷🇺 Russia | 45% | 0.31 | 45 | 0% | 6 | $7M |
| Tantalum, unwrought | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | 42% | 0.31 | 33 | 0% | 9 | $3M |
| Refined copper cathodes | 🇨🇩 Congo [DRC] | 41% | 0.21 | 23 | 0% | 38 | $33.1B |
| Tungsten, unwrought | 🇺🇸 United States | 38% | 0.30 | 46 | 0% | 7 | $586k |
| Silicon, < 99.99% | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 36% | 0.25 | 47 | 0% | 11 | $163M |
| Rare-earth permanent magnets | 🇯🇵 Japan | 34% | 0.18 | 52 | 0% | 33 | $126M |
| Coking coal | 🇦🇺 Australia ⛏ | 26% | 0.21 | 24 | 0% | 20 | $32.8B |
Computed from out/flows_2024.json + out/data.json by build_profiles.py. Customs records the immediate shipper, not the mine — see methodology.