How to read this. Each row is where Spain imports a material from — the
immediate customs origin, sorted by single-supplier concentration. ⛏ marks a top source that is also
the material's lead miner (a genuine origin); without it, the supplier is a refiner or hub and the real
mine sits further upstream (open the material's profile to see where).
Import-vulnerability index (14/100). A value-weighted average, across Spain’s
imports, of each material’s supply-risk index × how concentrated Spain’s
own sourcing of it is. High when it buys intrinsically risky materials from a single supplier; lower when
it diversifies. The risk column below is the material’s own score — multiply it by the country’s
share to see where Spain is most exposed.
China’s share of Spain’s critical-material imports, 2002–2024: 1% → 2%
| Material | Top source | share | import HHI | risk | China | # sources | imports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strontium carbonate | 🇩🇪 Germany | 100% | 1.00 | 57 | 0% | 4 | $3M |
| Natural borates | 🇹🇷 Turkey ⛏ | 98% | 0.96 | 42 | 0% | 7 | $6M |
| Aluminium ores / bauxite | 🇬🇳 Guinea | 94% | 0.88 | 45 | 1% | 13 | $117M |
| Natural graphite | 🇲🇬 Madagascar | 93% | 0.87 | 51 | 0% | 10 | $2M |
| Phosphorus | 🇮🇹 Italy | 92% | 0.84 | 57 | 0% | 7 | $166k |
| Ferro-niobium | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 84% | 0.72 | 64 | 0% | 6 | $32M |
| Arsenic | 🇨🇳 China | 80% | 0.66 | 31 | 80% | 6 | $189k |
| Ferro-vanadium | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 73% | 0.57 | 45 | 0% | 6 | $15M |
| Feldspar | 🇹🇷 Turkey ⛏ | 73% | 0.56 | 25 | 0% | 12 | $116M |
| Tantalum, unwrought | 🇩🇪 Germany | 67% | 0.48 | 33 | 7% | 5 | $11k |
| Magnesium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 67% | 0.48 | 60 | 67% | 8 | $10M |
| Platinum, unwrought | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 65% | 0.52 | 39 | 0% | 6 | $31M |
| Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 | 🇮🇹 Italy | 63% | 0.53 | 51 | 37% | 2 | $11k |
| Tungsten, unwrought | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 60% | 0.41 | 46 | 3% | 9 | $168k |
| Rare-earth permanent magnets | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 60% | 0.42 | 52 | 60% | 11 | $38M |
| Beryllium, unwrought | 🇱🇺 Luxembourg | 55% | 0.48 | 74 | 0% | 4 | $270k |
| Gallium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 54% | 0.39 | 57 | 54% | 6 | $2M |
| Germanium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 54% | 0.39 | 44 | 54% | 6 | $2M |
| Hafnium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 54% | 0.39 | 32 | 54% | 6 | $2M |
| Phosphate rock | 🇲🇦 Morocco | 54% | 0.36 | 31 | 0% | 8 | $13M |
| Titanium, unwrought | 🇷🇺 Russia | 52% | 0.32 | 43 | 7% | 10 | $15M |
| Refined copper cathodes | 🇨🇩 Congo [DRC] | 51% | 0.35 | 23 | 0% | 10 | $1.3B |
| Lithium carbonate | 🇦🇷 Argentina | 50% | 0.32 | 64 | 4% | 8 | $9M |
| Cobalt oxides & hydroxides | 🇧🇪 Belgium | 50% | 0.46 | 43 | 46% | 8 | $18M |
| Baryte | 🇲🇦 Morocco | 49% | 0.36 | 15 | 32% | 10 | $17M |
| Helium | 🇩🇿 Algeria | 47% | 0.36 | 22 | 0% | 11 | $40M |
| Manganese ore | 🇬🇦 Gabon | 47% | 0.38 | 46 | 0% | 14 | $34M |
| Nickel, unwrought | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 45% | 0.27 | 32 | 0% | 11 | $173M |
| Palladium, unwrought | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 40% | 0.28 | 25 | 0% | 7 | $71M |
| Coking coal | 🇦🇺 Australia ⛏ | 39% | 0.30 | 24 | 0% | 9 | $653M |
| Antimony, unwrought | 🇹🇯 Tajikistan | 39% | 0.22 | 35 | 14% | 15 | $23M |
| Silicon, < 99.99% | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 29% | 0.13 | 47 | 29% | 23 | $36M |
Computed from out/flows_2024.json + out/data.json by build_profiles.py. Customs records the immediate shipper, not the mine — see methodology.