How to read this. Each row is where Malaysia imports a material from — the
immediate customs origin, sorted by single-supplier concentration. ⛏ marks a top source that is also
the material's lead miner (a genuine origin); without it, the supplier is a refiner or hub and the real
mine sits further upstream (open the material's profile to see where).
Import-vulnerability index (14/100). A value-weighted average, across Malaysia’s
imports, of each material’s supply-risk index × how concentrated Malaysia’s
own sourcing of it is. High when it buys intrinsically risky materials from a single supplier; lower when
it diversifies. The risk column below is the material’s own score — multiply it by the country’s
share to see where Malaysia is most exposed.
China’s share of Malaysia’s critical-material imports, 2002–2024: 5% → 5%
| Material | Top source | share | import HHI | risk | China | # sources | imports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium ores / bauxite | 🇨🇳 China | 97% | 0.95 | 45 | 97% | 10 | $5M |
| Magnesium, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 97% | 0.95 | 60 | 97% | 5 | $8M |
| Palladium, unwrought | 🇯🇵 Japan | 96% | 0.93 | 25 | 0% | 6 | $824k |
| Antimony, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 84% | 0.71 | 35 | 84% | 6 | $3M |
| Cobalt oxides & hydroxides | 🇳🇦 Namibia | 84% | 0.71 | 43 | 0% | 6 | $8M |
| Lithium carbonate | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 80% | 0.66 | 64 | 2% | 7 | $2M |
| Phosphate rock | 🇦🇺 Australia | 75% | 0.62 | 31 | 0% | 6 | $21M |
| Ferro-vanadium | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 71% | 0.53 | 45 | 71% | 6 | $8M |
| Manganese ore | 🇿🇦 South Africa ⛏ | 70% | 0.53 | 46 | 2% | 8 | $165M |
| Tantalum, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China | 69% | 0.56 | 33 | 69% | 4 | $2M |
| Gallium | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 68% | 0.50 | 57 | 18% | 6 | $13M |
| Germanium | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 68% | 0.50 | 44 | 18% | 6 | $13M |
| Hafnium, unwrought | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 68% | 0.50 | 32 | 18% | 6 | $13M |
| Coking coal | 🇦🇺 Australia ⛏ | 64% | 0.44 | 24 | 1% | 12 | $1.6B |
| Helium | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 60% | 0.41 | 22 | 2% | 7 | $24M |
| Natural borates | 🇹🇷 Turkey ⛏ | 58% | 0.41 | 42 | 0% | 7 | $8M |
| Arsenic | 🇺🇸 United States | 55% | 0.39 | 31 | 14% | 5 | $144k |
| Strontium carbonate | 🇯🇵 Japan | 54% | 0.38 | 57 | 24% | 4 | $2k |
| Phosphorus | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 52% | 0.41 | 57 | 35% | 7 | $119k |
| Silicon, < 99.99% | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 51% | 0.30 | 47 | 51% | 13 | $198M |
| Natural graphite | 🇯🇵 Japan | 50% | 0.34 | 51 | 26% | 8 | $127k |
| Nickel, unwrought | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 50% | 0.36 | 32 | 8% | 10 | $376M |
| Rare-earth permanent magnets | 🇯🇵 Japan | 48% | 0.40 | 52 | 41% | 8 | $119M |
| Platinum, unwrought | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 47% | 0.35 | 39 | 0% | 6 | $143k |
| Feldspar | 🇮🇳 India | 45% | 0.29 | 25 | 16% | 9 | $5M |
| Tungsten, unwrought | 🇨🇳 China ⛏ | 43% | 0.31 | 46 | 43% | 8 | $2M |
| Ferro-niobium | 🇧🇷 Brazil ⛏ | 41% | 0.26 | 64 | 3% | 8 | $27M |
| Fluorspar, >97% CaF2 | 🇲🇽 Mexico | 39% | 0.28 | 51 | 0% | 6 | $39k |
| Refined copper cathodes | 🇮🇩 Indonesia | 37% | 0.27 | 23 | 0% | 13 | $2.0B |
| Titanium, unwrought | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 33% | 0.25 | 43 | 1% | 7 | $269k |
| Baryte | 🇻🇳 Vietnam | 29% | 0.24 | 15 | 15% | 11 | $14M |
Computed from out/flows_2024.json + out/data.json by build_profiles.py. Customs records the immediate shipper, not the mine — see methodology.